HISTORY OF MUSTANGS
America’s mustangs are the descendants of wild horses brought to the New World by Spanish explorers and missionaries in the 16th century. Others come from stock that was released or escaped from miners, ranchers, homesteaders and others who settled the West. More than two million wild horses and burros are reported to have roamed the west by the late 1800s. By the early 1900s, competition intensified between wild horses and cattle, sheep, fences, farms, and ranches for the remaining open range. Wild horse population plummeted as tens of thousands of animals were rounded up for use as draft animals, saddle stock, military mounts, food or to reduce competition with domestic livestock for limited forage, water and space.
Velma B. Johnston “Wild Horse Annie” (1912-1977) was a tireless pioneer in establishing legislation for the protection of wild horses and burros across the United States. Her efforts were instrumental in getting the 1971 Wild Horse and Burro Act.
The “Pencil War”
By the mid-20th century, domestic markets for pet and chicken feed and European markets for horse meat emerged, further reducing the number of wild horses and burros remaining in the West. Public concern escalated in response to the brutal methods used by mustangers to capture and transport wild horses for sale to rendering plants. Horrified by the mustangers’ gruesome practices, Velma Johnston spearheaded a “Pencil War”, a letter writing campaign that generated more letters to congress than any single issue besides the Vietnam War! Thousands of letters were written by school children concerned for the horses welfare.
Congress passes the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burro Act
As populations on western rangelands declined to fewer than 20,000 animals, the Congress of the United States deliberated over the animals’ future and passed the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burro Act in 1971. The Act placed America’s mustangs and burros under federal jurisdiction, and charged the Department of the interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service (USFS) with preserving and protecting wild horses and burros as “living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West.”
The Balancing Act
Along with protection and preserving comes the responsibility to keep the land in balance. The BLM is required to maintain animal levels that achieve a “thriving natural ecological balance.” When populations of wild horses and burros along with wildlife and livestock exceed the capacity of their habitat, land health begins to deteriorate. Native vegetation is damaged, encouraging the growth of invasive weeds and reducing the amount of food and water available to support the animals. When the BLM determines that the mustang population exceeds habitat capacity, the excess animals are removed from the range and prepared for adoption to qualified adopters.
HOW TO READ A FREEZEMARK
Read each angle to determine the freezemark number.
The BLM uses freeze marking to identify captured wild horses and burros. Freeze marking is a permanent, unalterable, and painless way to identify each horse as an individual. It is applied on the left side of the neck. It follows the International Alpha Angle System, which uses a series of angles and alpha symbols that cannot be altered. The mark contains the Registering Organization (U.S. Government), year of birth, and registration number.
The technique is simple and completely painless to the animal. The left side of the neck is shaved and washed with alcohol, and the mark is applied with an iron that is chilled in liquid nitrogen. The hair at the site of the mark will grow back white and show the identification number.
In addition to the freeze mark on the left side of the neck, sanctuary wild horses are marked on the left croup with four-inch high Arabic numerals that correspond with the last four digits of the freeze mark on the neck.
Although every effort is made to apply freeze marks that are legible, occasionally freeze marks do get blurred. This happens when the animal moves as the iron is applied, resulting in all or some of the identification number becoming illegible. The following graph illustrates how to read a freeze mark. If a mark is difficult to read, we recommend shaving the left side of the neck. You must know the freeze mark of your horse or burro before making an inquiry to a BLM office about the animal.
| Arizona 80001-160000 California 160001-240000 Colorado 240001-320000 Idaho 320001-400000 Montana 400001-480000 Nevada 480001-640000 |
New Mexico 640001-720000 Oregon 0-80000 Utah 720001-800000 Wyoming 800001-880000 Eastern States 880001-880100 |
HERD LOCATOR
Under the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, the BLM identified herd areas as places used as habitat by a herd of wild horses at the time the Act was passed. To carry out its duties under the 1971 law, the BLM periodically evaluates each herd area to determine if it has adequate food, water, cover, and space to sustain healthy and diverse wild horse and burro populations over the long-term.
The areas that meet these criteria are then designated as Herd Management Areas (HMAs), where horses or burros can be viably managed as a component of the public lands. The BLM does its work under the Act using HMAs as the main geographic unit.
GAMES
Download, play and learn. The wild American Mustang has much to offer children of all ages. From the simplicity of family structure to the responsibility of caring for the world around us, Mustangs can be a topic of great interest and educational value.
- Make a Mustang (pdf) – Let your students color and freeze mark their own mustang. They can then explain to the class what region their mustang comes from and if attached to a broom or yard stick, you can even have a wild horse race!
DOWNLOAD THE PDF >> - Corral the Wild Horse (pdf) – This mustang themed version of Hangman is sure to entertain and educate, at the same time.
DOWNLOAD THE PDF >> - Please Pass the Wheatgrass (pdf) – Most American wild horses and burros live on public lands in the West in distinct areas known as Herd Management Areas (HMAs). They share the land with numerous species of native wildlife as well as grazing livestock. The following demonstration shows how complex the management of an HMA is and how important it is to monitor the kinds of forage available and the number and types of animals present in an HMA.
DOWNLOAD THE PDF >> - Demands on the Land (pdf) – To get a feel for the difficulties involved in making land-use decisions, conduct this role-playing activity. Students will research and debate the viewpoints of different interest groups regarding the removal of horses from a wild horse and burro Herd Management Area (HMA).
DOWNLOAD THE PDF >>
JUST FOR KIDS
When we talk about spreading public awareness about the American Mustang, we mean this to be all-inclusive, for adults and children alike. Children are influenced by education and practice what they are taught. We have included some useful educational material in the links below. Children’s efforts are very important to protecting the American Mustang and we believe they can make a big difference. To learn more about our youth competition program Click here >>
Kids
- Color your own mustang! CLICK HERE to download your mustang worksheet to print and color. When you’re finished present it to a family member or friend as a surprise. Or put it on a broom stick to make your own mustang toy. Learn more about mustangs and the challenges they face and tell your friends and family. More than 46,000 horses and burros are being held in off-range corrals in need of adoption. For more information about the challenges mustangs face, take a look at the
BLM WH&B infographic.
- Ask your parents or grandparents to let you “adopt” a stuffed mustang modeled after our own mascot, Heritage! Each doll is labeled with Heritage’s specific freeze mark down the side of the neck. To purchase, visit our MHF online store. If your parents let you have an account, “like” us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter. Be sure to tell your friends to add us as well.
- Mustangs make a great school report project. There is so much to be learned about these amazing animals. Be sure to check out some quick facts about history of wild mustangs and herd management areas here.
- Share your story! If you or a family member have previously adopted a mustang, know of a trainer who has competed in the Extreme Mustang Makeover or participated in the Trainer Incentive Program, or you’ve shown your mustang at different equine competitions, we want to hear about it! We love receiving feedback from adopters. Please feel free to send us photos or stories about your experiences.
For Teachers
The wild American Mustang has much to offer children of all ages. From the simplicity of family structure to the responsibility of caring for the world around us, mustangs can be a topic of great interest and educational value.
The Bureau of Land Management estimates that more than 67,000 wild horses and burros (approximately 55,311 horses and 11,716 burros) are roaming on BLM-managed rangelands in 10 Western states based on the latest data available, compiled as of March 1, 2016. There are more than 46,000 wild horses and burros that are fed and cared for at short-term (corrals) and long-term (pastures) off-range holding facilities. About $49 million from the Bureau of Land Management’s Wild Horse & Burro’s budget is applied toward caring for animals in off-range corrals and pastures. All wild horses and burros in holding, like those roaming the public range lands, are protected by the BLM under the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act.
As this continues to be a growing concern for the nation, it is important that we educate tomorrow’s leaders on the plight of the American Mustang.
Use these fun and educational exercises in your classroom:
- Make a Mustang (pdf) – Let your students color and create a freezemark for their own mustang. They can then explain to the class what region their mustang comes from and if attached to a broom or yardstick, you can even have a wild horse race!
- Corral the Wild Horse (pdf) – This mustang themed version of Hangman is sure to entertain and educate at the same time.
- Please Pass the Wheatgrass (pdf) – Most American wild horses and burros live on public lands in the West in distinct areas known as Herd Management Areas (HMAs). They share the land with numerous species of native wildlife as well as grazing livestock. The following demonstration shows how complex the management of an HMA is and how important it is to monitor the kinds of forage available and the number and types of animals present in an HMA.
- Demands on the Land (pdf) – To get a feel for the difficulties involved in making land-use decisions, conduct this role-playing activity. Students will research and debate the viewpoints of different interest groups regarding the removal of horses from a wild horse and burro Herd Management Area (HMA).
YOUR LAND.
YOUR HORSE
YOUR LAND
The total area of the 50 United States is 2.3 billion acres. The first public domain was created in 1781 when New York agreed to surrender to the Federal Government its claim to unsettled territory that extended westward to the Mississippi River. Other colonies followed New York’s example, and, by 1802, all of the land west of the colonies between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River belonged to the Federal Government. In the course of national expansion from 1781 to 1867, the public domain rapidly grew beyond the bounds of the Appalachian West, with the Federal Government acquiring 1.8 billion acres of public domain lands.
Congress recognized the need to protect the Nation’s natural, historical, and cultural resources while providing opportunities for recreation. Special acts withdrew millions of acres of public lands from settlement for National Parks, National Forests, National Monuments, National Wildlife Refuges, National Trails, and National Wild and Scenic Rivers. Some of the best known congressional withdrawals include Yellowstone National Park, Grand Canyon National Park and Death Valley National Monument.
YOUR HORSE
A mustang is the free-roaming horse of the North American west that first descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish. Mustangs are often referred to as wild horses, but there is debate over terminology. Because they are descended from once-domesticated horses, they can be classified as feral horses.
In 1971, the United States Congress recognized that “wild free-roaming horses and burros are living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West, which continue to contribute to the diversity of life forms within the Nation and enrich the lives of the American people.” In the 21st century, mustang herds vary in the degree to which they can be traced to original Iberian horses. Some contain a greater genetic mixture of ranch stock and more recent breed releases, while others are relatively unchanged from the original Iberian stock, most strongly represented in the most isolated populations. As Americans it is our responsibility to help maintain, manage and protect our national rangeland to ensure that there is balance and stability in the use of our national resources to support the livelihood of mustangs.
LEARN MORE AT AMERICASMUSTANG.COM >>